b'Sulfate double salts: usingClosed loop recycling process using end-of-life batteries recycled nickel and cobaltprovides domestic supply chain for lithium-ion batteries.sources to produce cathodesU nder the elevating demand for batteries, it essential to broaden the domestic materials supply chain to strengthen and secure domestic in lithium-ion batteries lithium-ion battery supply for a clean energy economy. End-of-life lithium-ion batteries are good sources for energy storage materials due to the domestically available quantity and relatively pure metal compositions compared with raw materials from mining. Tuttons salts can be recycled from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries through a process with much less chemical and energy consumption compared with the method to recover conventional critical metal PROJECT NUMBER:salts, such as nickel sulfate (NiSO 4 ) and cobalt sulfate (CoSO 4 ). This project used 22P1071-018FP Tuttons salts, non-conventional materials in battery manufacturing, as the critical metal source to manufacture nickel-manganese-cobalt batteries. The Tuttons salts INITIATIVE: INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS: contained critical metals nickel and cobalt, as well as ammonium (NH 4 + ) and sulfateChemical Energy Carriers (SO 4 2- ), holding a structure of (NH 4 ) 2 Ni x Co 1-x (SO 4 ) 2 . The Ni:Co ratio could be tuned TOTAL APPROVED AMOUNT:during recovery from the spent lithium-ion batteries. In this work, commercially $125,000 over 1 year available nickel-Tuttons salt and cobalt-Tuttons salts were used as surrogates. By mixing with manganese sulfate (MnSO 4 ) at a certain stoichiometry ratio, the solid PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:mixture was introduced in solution-based synthesis methods to produce lithium-ion Meng Shi battery cathode material. X-ray diffraction results for cathode materials produced CO-INVESTIGATORS: from the Tuttons salt agreed with the x-ray diffraction patterns reported in the Bor-Rong Chen, INL literature. Performance of the batteries made from the Tuttons salts was compared John Klaehn, INL with that from commercial battery materials, and the results showed similar battery Luis Diaz Aldana, INL discharge capacities. This project proved the feasibility in using cheaper and non-Pete Barnes, INL conventional recycled Tuttons salt in battery manufacturing. Future work could Tedd Lister, INL focus on optimizing the battery performance by adjusting conditions in the cathode material synthesis. 86'